Encrypting a volume in OS X Yosemite couldn’t be easier. In this article, we will look at three ways to encrypt OS X Yosemite volumes. The reason there are three ways is that booted volumes and non-booted volumes have different methods for enabling encryption.
Encrypting Attached Storage
For non-boot volumes, just control-click or right-click on them and then click on Encrypt “VOLUMENAME” where the name of the volume is in quotes.
When prompted, provide an encryption password for the volume, verify that password and if you so choose, provide a hint.
Once the encryption process has begun, the entry previously clicked on says Encrypting “VOLUMENAME” where the name of the volume is in quotes.
Before you can encrypt a volume from the command line you must first convert it to CoreStorage if it isn’t already. As volumes on external disks aren’t likely to be CoreStorage, let’s check using diskutil along with corestorage and then list:
diskutil corestorage list
Assuming your volume was already formatted with a non-corestorage format and isn’t listed, locate the volume and document the disk identifier (in this case disk2s3). Then, run diskutil corestorage along with the convert verb and the disk, as follows (no need to run this command if it’s already listed):
sudo diskutil corestorage convert disk2s3
The output should look similar to the following:
Started CoreStorage operation on disk2s3 Reco Resizing disk to fit Core Storage headers Creating Core Storage Logical Volume Group Attempting to unmount disk2s3 Switching disk2s3 to Core Storage Waiting for Logical Volume to appear Mounting Logical Volume Core Storage LVG UUID: 19D34AAA-498A-44FC-99A5-3E719D3DB6FB Core Storage PV UUID: 2639E13A-250D-4510-889A-3EEB3B7F065C Core Storage LV UUID: 4CC5881F-88B3-42DD-B540-24AA63952E31 Core Storage disk: disk4 Finished CoreStorage operation on disk2s3 Reco
Once converted, the LV UUID (LV is short for Logical Volume) can be used to encrypt the logical volume using a password of crowbar to unlock it:
sudo diskutil corestorage encryptvolume 4CC5881F-88B3-42DD-B540-24AA63952E31 -passphrase crowbar
The output is similar to the following:
Started CoreStorage operation on disk4 Reco
Scheduling encryption of Core Storage Logical Volume
Core Storage LV UUID: 4CC5881F-88B3-42DD-B540-24AA63952E31
Finished CoreStorage operation on disk4 Reco
According to the size, this process can take some time. Monitor the progress using the corestorage list option:
diskutil corestorage list
In all of these commands, replace core storage w/ cs for less typing. I’ll use the shortened version as I go. I know that we rarely change passwords, but sometimes it needs to happen. If it needs to happen on a core storage encrypted volume, this can be done from the command line or a script. To do so, use diskutil cs with the changevolumepassphrase option. We’ll use -oldpassphrase to provide the old password and -newpassphrase to provide the new passphrase.
diskutil cs changeVolumePassphrase FC6D57CD-15FC-4A9A-B9D7-F7CF26312E00 -oldpassphrase crowbar -newpassphrase hedeservedit
I continue to get prompted when I send the -newpassphrase, so I’ve taken to using stdin , using -stdinpassphrase. Once encrypted there will occasionally come a time for decrypting, or removing the encryption, from a volume. It’s worth noting that neither encrypting or decrypting requires erasing. To decrypt, use the decryptVolume verb, again with the -passphrase option:
diskutil cs decryptvolume 4CC5881F-88B3-42DD-B540-24AA63952E31 -passphrase crowbar
FileVault 2: Encrypting Boot Volumes
Boot volumes are configured a bit differently. This is namely because the boot volume requires FileVault 2, which unifies usernames and passwords with the encryption so that users enter one username and password rather than unlocking drives. To configure FileVault 2, open the Security & Privacy System Preference pane and then click on the FileVault tab. Click on the lock to make changes and then provide the password for an administrative account of the system. Then, click on “Turn On FileVault…”
If there are multiple users, enable each user who should be able to boot the system. On a server, this only needs to be administrators as you likely don’t have the password for end users.
When prompted with the Recovery Key, document it and then click on Continue. Choose whether to restore the recovery key with Apple. If you will be storing the key with Apple then provide the AppleID. Otherwise, simply click the bullet for “Do not store the recovery key with Apple” and then click on the Continue button.
When prompted, click on Restart to reboot and be prompted for the first account that can unlock the FileVaulted system.
Once encrypted, the FileVault tab in the Security & Privacy System Preference pane shows the encryption status, or percent during encryption.
Use the Enable Users… button to enable additional accounts to unlock the volume (note: by default accounts cannot login until their account has been added here).
That’s it. Managing FileVault 2 using the System Preferences is about as easy as it can get. But for those who require mass management, Apple has provided a tool called fdesetup for that as well.
Using fdesetup with FileVault 2
FileVault 2 now comes with a nifty configuration utility called fdesetup. To use fdesetup to encrypt the boot volume, first check FileVault’s status by entering the fdesetup command along with the –status option (wait, no — required any more!):
fdesetup status
As with most other commands, read the help page before starting to use just in case there are any changes to it between the writing of this article and when you kick off your automated encryption. Done using the help verb:
fdesetup help
After confirming FileVault is off, enable FileVault with the enable option, as follows:
sudo fdesetup enable
Unless additional parameters are specified, an interactive session prompts for the primary user’s short name and password. Once enabled, a Recovery key is returned by the fdesetup command. You can also cancel this by just hitting Control-C so we can look at more complicated iterations of the command. It should be recorded or otherwise stored, something easily done by mounting in a script (e.g. a write-only share in a script for key escrowing). If more complicated measures are needed, of course check out Cauliflower Vest at code.google.com. The fdesetup command is now at version 2.36:
fdesetup version
Now, if you run fdesetup and you’ve deployed a master keychain then you’re going to have a little more work to do; namely point the -keychain command at the actual keychain. For example:
sudo fdesetup enable -keychain /Library//Keychains/FileVaultMaster.keychain
To define a certificate:
sudo fdesetup enable -certificate /temp/filename.cer
Adding additional users other than the one who enabled fdesetup is a bit different than the first:
sudo fdesetup add -usertoadd robin
To remove users, just remove them with a remove verb followed by the -user option and the username:
sudo fdesetup remove -user robin
The remove and add options also offer using the -uuid rather than the username. Let’s look at Robin’s uid :
dscl . read /Users/robin GeneratedUID | cut -c 15-50
Yes, I used cut. If you have a problem with that then take your judgmental fuc… Nevermind. Take that GUID and plug it in as the uuid using the -uuid option. For example, to do so with the remove verb:
sudo fdesetup remove -uuid 31E609D5-39CF-4A42-9F24-CFA2B36F5532
Or for good measure, we can basically replicate -user w/ -uuid for a nice stupid human trick:
sudo fdesetup remove -uuid `dscl . read /Users/robin GeneratedUID | cut -c 15-50`
All of the fdesetup commands can be run interactively or using options to define the variables otherwise provided in the interactive prompt. These are defined well in the man page. Finally, let’s look at -defer. Using -defer, you can run the fdesetup tool at the next login, write the key to a plist and then grab it with a script of some sort later.
sudo fdesetup enable -defer /temp/fdesetupescrow.plist
Or define users concurrently (continuing to use the robin test user):
sudo fdesetup enable -user robin -defer /temp/fdesetupescrow.plist
FileVault accounts can also use accounts from Directory Services automatically. These need to synchronize with the Directory Service routinely as data is cached. To do so:
sudo fdesetup sync
This is really just scratching the surface of what you can do with fdesetup. The definitive source for which is the man page as well as a nicely done article by Rich Trouton.
Encrypting Time Machine Backups
The last full disk encryption to discuss is Time Machine. To encrypt Time Machine backups, use Time Machine’s System Preference pane. The reason for this being that doing so automatically maintains mounting information in the Operating System, rather than potentially having an encrypted drive’s password get lost or not entered and therefore not have backups run.
To enable disk encryption for Time Machine destinations, open the Time Machine System Preference pane and click on Select Backup Disk… From the backup disk selection screen, choose your backup target and then check the box for “Encrypt backups”. Then, click on Use Disk.
At the overlay screen, provide a backup password twice and if you would like, a hint as to what that password is. When you are satisfied with your passwords, click on the Encrypt Disk button.
Now, there are a couple of things to know here. 1. Don’t forget that password. 2. If you use an institutional FileVault Key then still don’t forget that password as it will not work. 3. Don’t forget that password…
Scripty CLI Stuff
We’ve always been able to enable FileVault using scripts thanks to fdesetup but now Apple’s taken some of the difficulty out of configuring recovery keys. This comes in the form of the changerecovery, haspersonalrecoverykey, hasinstitutionalkey, usingrecoverykey and validate recovery options. These options all revolve around one idea: make it easier to deploy centrally managed keys that can be used to unlock encrypted volumes in the event that such an action is required. There’s also a -recoverykey option, which indicates the number of the key if a recovery key is being used.
To use the fdesetup command to check whether a computer has a personal recovery key use the haspersonalrecoverykey verb, as follows:
fdesetup haspersonalrecoverykey
The output will be a simple true or false exit. To use the fdesetup command to check whether a computer has an institutional recovery key, use the hasinstitutionalrecoverykey verb, as follows:
fdesetup hasinstitutionalrecoverykey
To enable a specific personal recovery key, provide it using the changerecovery verb, as follows:
fdesetup changerecovery -personal
This is an interactive command, so when prompted, provide the appropriate personal key. The removerecovery verb can also be used to remove keys. And my favorite, validaterecovery is used to check on whether or not a recovery key will work to unlock a host; which can be tied into something like an extension attribute in Casper in order to store a key and then validate the key every week or 4. This helps to make sure that systems are manageable if something happens.
The enable verb also has a new -authrestart which does an authenticated reboot after enabling FileVault. Before using the -authrestart option, check that a system can actually run it by using fdesetup with the supportsauthrestart verb and it will exit on true or false.
Defer mode is nothing new, where FileVault waits until a user password is provided; however, a new verb is available called showdeferralinfo which shows information about deferral mode. This is most helpful as a sanity check so you don’t go running commands you already ran or doing things to systems that have already been provided with tasks to perform otherwise.
Overall, there’s a lot of really enterprise-friendly options new in Yosemite that those who do larger-scale deployments of Yosemite will be interested in using!
Conclusion
Encrypting data in OS X can take on other forms as well. The keychains encrypt passwords and other objects. Additionally, you can still create encrypted dmgs and many file types have built in encryption as well. But the gist is that Apple encrypts a lot. They also sandbox a lot and with the addition of gatekeeper are code signing a lot. But encrypting volumes and disks is mostly about physical security, which these types of encryption provide a substantial solution for.
While all this security might seem like a lot, it’s been in Apple’s DNA for a long time and really security is about layers and the Mac Systems Administrator batbelt needs a lot of items to allow us to adapt to the changing landscape of security threats. OS X is becoming a little more like iOS as can be expected and so I would suspect that encryption will become more and more transparent as time goes on. Overall, the options allow encrypting every piece of data that goes anywhere near a system. The mechanisms with which data is now encrypted are secure, as is the data at rest. Once data is decrypted, features like Gatekeeper and the application layer firewall supplement traditional network encryption to keep well secured.
